This article expounds the core functions of smartwatches and the technical principles of heart rate monitoring, focusing on the analysis of the green LED photoelectric detection technology based on PPG (the conversion process of light → electricity → digital signal) and the ECG-assisted monitoring method. It discusses the application value and limitations of smartwatches in health management, and emphasizes the role of smartwatches as a daily health reference tool.
This article elaborates on the working principle and internal structure of smartwatches, a popular consumer electronic product renowned for its versatile functions such as health tracking, exercise recording and daily reminders. Different from traditional watches with limited functions, smartwatches operate as an integrated hardware and software system. The hardware is composed of core components including ARM architecture main chips, LCD/OLED displays, lithium-ion or lithium polymer batteries, various sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, heart rate sensors), connectivity modules (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC) and supporting parts like speakers and microphones. On the software side, it relies on dedicated operating systems (Wear OS, watchOS) and functional applications to realize data synchronization, user interaction and service execution. The working process of smartwatches follows a clear logic: built-in sensors collect real-time user motion and physiological data, which is then processed and analyzed by the main chip with the support of algorithms. The processed information is presented to users via the display screen, and data transmission between smartwatches and smartphones is achieved through wireless communication technologies. In terms of internal structure, smartwatches consist of functional units including data acquisition, processing, display, transmission and power supply, with the battery unit equipped with protection circuit boards and charge management chips to ensure safe and stable use. For smartwatch components, the key requirements are low power consumption, stability, compact size, safety and energy efficiency to meet the needs of wearable device applications. With continuous technological progress, the functions of smartwatches will be further enriched and refined, bringing users a smarter and more convenient experience.
Prior to the advent of smartwatches, early smartbands featured extremely simplified designs, lacking screens and relying on mobile app connections for data viewing, with their market expanding significantly between 2015 and 2018. As an extension of smartbands, smartwatches fall into the same wearable category, boasting larger screens and richer functions but with shorter battery life compared to smartbands. Given their technological relevance, the sensor technologies applied in smartbands also cover those of smartwatches. This paper briefly introduces several common and emerging sensor technologies in modern smart wearables. An accelerometer is used for step counting by detecting acceleration and converting it into electrical signals, combined with technologies like Hall effect, GMR and TMR. Heart rate monitoring mainly adopts two types of sensors: the optical heart rate sensor, which emits green LED light to measure light absorption fluctuations in blood vessels, and the bioelectrical impedance sensor, which leverages human body impedance to collect multi-dimensional data for higher detection accuracy. Sleep monitoring has three approaches, ranging from basic accelerometer-based motion detection, to a more accurate method combining heart rate sensors for PPG and HRV detection, and the high-precision CPC analysis that integrates ECG and respiratory coupling relationships (typically used in high-end products). SpO₂ monitoring shares a similar optical principle with heart rate detection but uses infrared light and only provides reference values due to interference factors. Additionally, ambient light sensors enable automatic screen brightness adjustment; accelerometers and gyroscopes work together to realize the wrist-raise wake screen function with the support of complex algorithms; GPS sensors enable independent positioning and activity route recording in professional sports watches; temperature sensors achieve single or continuous body temperature monitoring. For blood pressure and blood glucose monitoring, most mainstream smart wearables rely on optical sensors and algorithms for estimations, while blood pressure monitoring watches adopting the oscillometric measurement principle with built-in micro airbags can provide more reliable reference data.
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